Issues Of The Modeling Industry - 1013 Words

Issues in the Modeling Industry Fashion is everything to society and the media, but everyone wants to look good while feeling beautiful in their own way. Everyone believes that fashion is an easy, fashionable, and sophisticated style. Today, the modeling industry has become negative for older and younger women. The people in the industry do not prefer unhealthy body images such as pictures of overweight women. Women suffer from depression and anxiety. The modeling industry has been very harmful towards women in America. It effects women by not achieving a healthy, being strong, and confident body image regardless of shape and size. Having a skinny body is very important in the modeling industry. Bigger women always get turned down. This makes them feel unhealthy and not as beautiful as the other women that are modeling. The hard part for models is to keep their weight down to a certain number, otherwise, they are not allowed to model anymore. Today, in America many women are suffering from eating disorders, and other negative behaviors which make women do things to their body that they should not do. Men are attracted to healthy women regardless if the woman is older. Most modeling agencies prefer skinny women because they believe having smaller women as models would attract men there to support them. The media thinks being overweight is ugly which is unfair for bigger women because women of any size should be able to model. The media shows thin women on televisionShow MoreRelatedEssay Skin and Bones: The World of Modeling1394 Words   |  6 Pagesmost people, they have all the confidence in the world. What people do not know, are all the difficulties that models go through every day to keep up the portrayed â€Å"model† image. A lot of models battle with eating disorders and have various health issues due to the weight limitations they are put under. There should be no weight limitations on models due to the extreme sicknesses and health problems they will endure trying to reach the set criteria be perfect models. Models, looking so malnourishedRead MoreBuilding Information Modeling And Construction Industry1222 Words   |  5 PagesBuilding Information Modeling in Construction Industry Jyothirmai Chatrathi, chatr1j@cmich.edu BIS 625 Research in Information Systems College of Business Administration, Department of Business Information Systems Central Michigan University Mount Pleasant, Michigan 48858 USA Keywords: Information systems, construction industry, Building Information Modeling. Background: The development of technology is very rapid in many industries, but in the field of construction it is very slow andRead MoreThe s Secret Model By Cameron Russell1531 Words   |  7 PagesAtlantic stage, according to TED writer Cameron Gallo. The model explains that though the modeling industry considered her a perfect, she does not believe her appearance defines her. Thus she came up with the title for her speech, â€Å"Looks Aren t Everything†¦ Believe Me, I m a Model.†. She specifically addresses that children need to understand that modeling does not constitute a glamorous career. The industry drowns out personal values, views, and appearances to warp these characteristics into aRead MoreWhat Kind Fo Language Does The Author Use? Essay1178 Words   |  5 PagesModel Make a connnection betwen a real oworld issue and an issue discussed in your text. In the book Model, Cheryl tells her story of the positives and negatives she experienced in the modeling industry. Most of what she states can directly relate to the norms and standards models are expected to achieve. Many people aren’t aware of th dark side of the modeling industry, while everything seems perfect on the outside, it’s quite the opposite â€Å"behind stage†.Cheryl s talks about the â€Å"unnecessaryRead MoreThe New Way We Look At Things967 Words   |  4 Pagesnational organ donor list for the past two years? And how about printing the most want it toy for Christmas for your child? Well now you can, by using a 3-D modeling technology printing concept. 3-D (Three-Dimensional) modeling technology in the medical field has been an innovation since the 1980’s. This technology has come a long ways. 3-D modeling technology printing is a method of additive manufacturing and built-up technique where a three dimensional object is shaped by layin g down consecutive layersRead MoreBenefits Of Building Information Modeling Essay965 Words   |  4 Pages5. Benefits of Building information modeling in Cost Estimation The cost estimation is the crucial section in the construction industry and estimation of cost is done depending on the number of labor, material, and the time conditions. The cost estimation is a time taking process and it seeks the participation of entire cost estimator group. †¢ For estimating the cost, BIM produces rapid cost feedback throughout the lifecycle of the building. †¢ The model has the ability which enables the constructionRead MorePlus Size Models Encouraging Obessity997 Words   |  4 Pagesright? It is a well-known reality that many women who cannot reach by healthy means, or do not already have, the desired body type for fashion industries, will develop an eating disorder to starve their way into the position. However, most fail to address the issue of obesity that curdles on the other end of the physical spectrum; the plus size modeling industry. This statement not only boils the blood of millions of American Women, but begs the question: If extremely thin models promote eating disordersRead MoreHow Is The Organization Described? The Case Study?1265 Words   |  6 Pagesguidelines on customer care and service in addition to the concern for the environment. Among other reasons, the GM culture has been described as a culture full of crisis in the study. The ignition switch issue in the study is articulated to the company’s culture; numerous parties touched the issue concerning the engineers, investigators, and lawyers. No one among these groups raised the problem to the highest level of the company to the point when it caused harm to the company’s name as well as employeesRead MoreCurrent Trends On The Construction Industry841 Words   |  4 PagesCurrent Trends in the Construction Industry Beginning a new year of the construction industry with a report of 6% growth (achieved approximately $712 billion) in the financial profit of construction from Dodge Data Analytics 2016 Construction Outlook, many analysts and experts predict that potential values for the construction business will be progressively increased with extensions of modern technologies and state-of-the-art concepts for improving construction performance, especially in projectRead MoreEating Disorders1137 Words   |  5 PagesThe modeling industry has taken a toll on young girls across the world today. Models, magazines, television even the radio advertise thin is in. Because of this girls feel pressured that they need to look a certain way in order to look good. People need to start realizing that you can be curvy and still look excellent. Society needs to urge the fashion industry and media to stop portraying the perfect skinny, toothpick image because it is causing a huge array of health related proble ms to woman

Jane Austen s Pride And Prejudice - 1116 Words

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, feminism is described as â€Å"the advocacy of equality of the sexes and the establishment of the political, social and economic rights of the female sex.† It emphasizes the many ways women have been suppressed, repressed, and oppressed. Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen, is about Elizabeth, a young middle-class woman who falls in love with Mr. Darcy, a rich, prideful man whom she has sworn to loath based on a misguided first impression. Furthermore, it’s about the unfairness of society and income. Based on the plot of the story and the definition of feminism, Pride and Prejudice has aspects of feminism but is not considered a feminist film. Most of the scenes in Pride and Prejudice are about men. But there are a couple of scenes between two or more women that allow the film to barely pass the Bechdel test. For example, the conversation between Elizabeth and Miss Bingley at Netherfield. In this scene, these two women discuss the requirements for a lady to be truly accomplished. According to Miss Bingley, â€Å"She must have a thorough knowledge of music, singing, drawing, dancing, and the modern languages to deserve the word. And something in her air and manner of walking† (Pride and Prejudice 2005). Pride and Prejudice also passes the Mako Mori test. According to The Atlantic, â€Å"the film has to have at least one female character with her own narrative arc that is not about supporting a man’s story† (Derr). The protagonist, ElizabethShow MoreRelatedJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1294 Words   |  6 PagesJane Austen s exceptional novel Pride and Prejudice has been depicted as a classic that is as much a social study on class, marriage and gender as it is a romantic tale. It is an amusing representation of the social atmosphere of the late eighteenth and mid nineteenth century England, and it is primarily required with courtship rituals of the English high class. The novel is more than a romantic tale, however through Austen s subtle, and ironic style, it addresses gender, class, and marriageRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1231 Words   |  5 Pagesfinancial stability. In the novel Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen states that the desire for better social connections interferes with the workings of love through the relationship between Darcy and Elizabeth to criticize the social class structure of the 19th century. Anxieties about social connections or the desire for better social connections, interfere with the workings of love. Darcy and Elizabeth s realization of a mutual and tender love seems to imply that Jane Austen views love as something independentRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice992 Words   |  4 Pages It is unfortunate that many people tend to dismiss Jane Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice, as simply a romantic love story, even labeling it a â€Å"chick flick.† Upon a shallow reading, it may appear to be such, but a closer look at the novel reveals so much more embedded in the story. In addition to describing the entertaining relationship between Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy, the novel serves to forward Austen s personal values and ideas. Furthermore, there is one issue of her era that she particularlyRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1138 Words   |  5 PagesPride and Prejudice is a novel about the superficiality of marriage during the late 19th and early 20th century, which largely influenced the decisions made by individuals, based on connections and social rankings. The novel takes its characters through various changes influenced by their decision to or rather not to marry certain individuals. It begins not by a man desiring to marry for love, but by a mother who desires nothing more than to marry her daughters well. As the novel develops, Jane AustenRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1211 Words   |  5 PagesJane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice was greatly influenced by the time period in which it was written, This novel follows the story of Elizabeth Bennet and her sisters as they are faced with marriage proposals. The marriage and roles of women in this time period are shown throughout this story. During the time Austen was writing this novel, a woman’s role for her family changed. Daughters started to become a way for their family to achieve more money. Because their family depended on this finan cialRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1678 Words   |  7 PagesAfter reading Jane Austen’s most popular piece of work, the effects of the high societal expectations can be acknowledged through viewing the lives of the Bennet family and friends and noting such effects. Through the examination of the characters in Pride and Prejudice it is easily deciphered between marriages based upon true love and marriage based upon the expectations of society. Society’s main goal for woman in the Victorian era was marriage. As seen many in Pride and Prejudice, marriage wasRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1675 Words   |  7 PagesIn Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, she has specific criteria that her characters follow when choosing their mates. In today’s society, most couples still follow these criteria and more when choosing their ideal mate. What are these important criteria that Austen’s characters consider when choosing a mate? For Austen, the important criteria that she has for choosing a mate are that couples are personally compatible, they are in love with each other, and they must have a good moral character. Read MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1434 Words   |  6 PagesJane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice was considered a radical novel back in 1813 when she wrote and published the piece. It is a social commentary on the treatment and societal standards of women, as well marriage expectations at the turn of the 19th century. Austen criticizes the patriarchal society, materialism, double standards of men and women by centering the book around Elizabeth Bennett, a young woman of decent means who does not understand the reason for the pressure to find a suitable husbandRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1468 Words   |  6 Pagesestablished over time. In Jane Austen s novel, Pride and Prejudice Elizabeth Bennet is the main character who is a lady in the Regency Era. Elizabeth lives in Longbourn with her parents, Mr and Mrs Bennet and her four sisters. In the beginning of the novel, Elizabeth s prejudice mindset and strong opinion blinds her from realizations happening arou nd her. Soon, Elizabeth s prejudice disappears allowing her to open up and fall in love. Throughout Jane Austen s novel, Pride and Prejudice, Elizabeth growsRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1649 Words   |  7 PagesIn her novel, Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen is pre-occupied with the theme of marriage. Marriage is a central issue of a woman’s life but it was even more crucial for the women of her society where women were largely dependent on the men in their lives. As a result, women pursued socio-economic stability through marriage. However, it is clear through the novel that Austen did not agree with this part of her society. In Pride and Prejudice, she gives preference to a marriage which is based on love

Econimics Questionnaire Free Essays

Name: Registration Number: Program: Total Marks: [20]   Weight: 5% †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Qs. 1 a. We will write a custom essay sample on Econimics Questionnaire or any similar topic only for you Order Now Why do economists include only final goods in measuring GDP for a particular year? Why don’t they include the value of the stocks and bonds bought and sold? Why don’t they include the value of the used furniture bought and sold? [4] b. What are the four phases of the business cycle? [3] Qs. 2 Recent figures showed the CPI at 210. , while one year earlier it was 202. 2. [3] a. What was the rate of inflation over the previous year? b. At this rate of inflation, approximately how long will it take for the price level to double? Qs. 3 A hypothetical economy’s consumption schedule is given in the table below. GDP=DI| C| 6600| 6680| 6800| 6840| 7000| 7000| 7200| 7160| 7400| 7320| 7600| 7480| 7800| 7640| 8000| 7800| Use the information to answer the following: [5] a. If disposable income were $7400, how much would be saved? b. What is the â€Å"break-even† level of disposable income? . What is this economy’s marginal propensity to consume? d. What is the average propensity to consume when disposable income is $7000? When disposable income is $8000? Qs. 4 a. Suppose a $100 increase in desired investment spending ultimately results in a $300 increase in real GDP. What is the size of the multiplier? [1] b. If the MPS is . 4, what is the multiplier? [1] c. If the MPC is . 75, what is the multiplier? [1] d. Suppose investment spending initially increases by $50 billion in an economy whose MPC is 2/3. By how much will this ultimately change real GDP? [2] How to cite Econimics Questionnaire, Essay examples

Role Play for Self Regulation in the Nurse- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theRole Play for Self Regulation in the Nurse. Answer: This report is based on the conversation between a nurse and a patient, who is depressed and is addicted to alcohol. Education to the patient regarding the harmful effects of alcohol The role play reveals that the patient is taking alcohol within the hospital premises and thus tries to educate the patient about the abstinence from alcohol. The nurse has been correct in deterring the patient from consuming alcohol as alcohol poses both long term and short term effects in the body. Short term effects includes blurred vision, slurred speech, impaired vision and some long term effects like falls , liver problems and even cardiovascular diseases (Patton et al., 2013). The role play portrays that the nurse was actually trying to put an insight to the harmful effects of binge drinking. Furthermore the nurse has been quite mindful in reminding the patient that it is strictly prohibited to consume alcohol in the hospital premises. If the patient is under a treatment then alcohol might interact with the other drugs and cause adverse life threatening condition. Self regulation in the nurse The first part of the video shows that the patient was trying to crack jokes and wanted to intervene on her personal life, but the nurse was right in reminding him the boundaries of the nurse patient relationship. As per Kangasniemi et al., (2013), the nurses should not enter in to emotional or personal relationship with the client and should abide by the same with the clients families. The patients offensive tone might have perturbed the nurse at the beginning but she had rightly controlled her emotions and has tried her best to mitigate the patients concern. The student has displayed patience and has listened to his grievances by remaining under her professional boundaries. Active listening According to Kourkouta Papathanasiou, (2014), an effective communication between the nurse and the patient is mainly initiated by the active listening. It helps the nurses to understand what the patient is thinking or feeling. It also helps the nurses to understand the problems from the grass root level. Moral support to the patient Depression and anxiety cannot be always navigated by the pharmacological interventions and are sometimes cured by compassionate nursing therapies such as proper counseling and education. In the last part of the video it can be seen that the nurse was assuring the patient that this was not the end of his life. According to Lachman, (2012), as a nurse it is necessary to unearth and address the actual stressful event of the patients life rather than just giving instructions. In this part the nurse has been able to guide the skepticism of negative thinking in the patient. The video reveals that the patient was rude and indifferent of the nurses instructions, yet the nurse exhibited patience and tried to assess the cognitive status of the patient which is guiding his alcohol consumption. As per the Watsons caring theory, there are three major elements- the carative factors, the transpersonal caring relationship and the caring moment. It is evident from the video that the person is taking resort to alcohol may to numb his feelings or mental trauma, hence it is necessary in part of the nurse to develop a relationship of trust with the patient (Negarandeh et al., 2013). It is easily evident from the video that the nurse was self aware of any judgmental feeling about the patient. As per the nursing theories of ethics a nurse should be able to look at the uniqueness of the patient and go to all extent for preserving the dignity of the patient. The dignity of the patient here could have been harmed as other patient or patients family would have lodged complaints for consuming alcohol in the hospital premises. In conclusion it can be said that the main essence of nursing is caring for the patients beyond the conventional boundaries, yet maintaining the professional boundaries. Effective nursing involves active listening process, exhibiting proper verbal and non verbal communication skills and providing proper education to the patient. References Kangasniemi, M., Pakkanen, P., Korhonen, A. (2015). Professional ethics in nursing: an integrative review.Journal of advanced nursing,71(8), 1744-1757. Kourkouta, L., Papathanasiou, I. V. (2014). Communication in nursing practice.Materia socio-medica,26(1), 65. Lachman, V. D. (2012). Applying the ethics of care to your nursing practice.Medsurg Nursing,21(2), 112. Negarandeh, R., Mohammadi, S., Zabolypour, S., Arazi Ghojegh, T. (2012). Relationship between quality of senior nursing students' caring behaviors and patients' satisfaction.Journal of hayat,18(3), 10-21. Patton, R., Deluca, P., Kaner, E., Newbury-Birch, D., Phillips, T., Drummond, C. (2013). Alcohol screening and brief intervention for adolescents: the how, what and where of reducing alcohol consumption and related harm among young people.Alcohol and alcoholism,49(2), 207-212.

Braydon Waller Essays - United States, Geography Of Alabama

Braydon Waller U.S. History 3 rd hour April 15, 2015 The day the motorcade in Dallas Texas erupted into complete turmoil and ended in the assassination of the first Catholic president. John F. Kennedy being his day just as any other preparing for the public, being met at the airport by the Texas governor with flowers in hand, blue convertible ready to go. Unfortunately around 12:30 pm while motorcading down the people-lined streets, disaster struck. A moment in history that would be remembered by so many of our great nation. While interviewing my maternal grandmother, Mary Helen Kikolla maiden name Jordan, she recalled what it was like that Friday November 22 nd in the big town of Decatur Illinois. It was a typical day in the neighborhood of Dickinson Ave near Cantrell and 16 th streets. In the morning the ladies got their husbands off to work, kids to school, and began there housework for the day. For they were the normal in that time, housewives in the 60's. At that specific time of 12:30 pm my grandmother stated that she was probably putting my aunt down for a nap while making lunch for my grandfather who came home for lunch on his Staley lunch hour. My other aunt and uncle were at school at St. James at that time of day. My own mom, hadn't entered the family picture yet as she was born after 1963. My grandmother recalled that in the evening when the men returned to home from work days, many families gathered in the yards to discuss the horrible news of our President. The Catholic church even had a prayer vigil and the church was open for anyone that wanted to go pray. The weekend also brought sad news as the information for the funeral and more articles surfaced in the papers with sadness. During the weekend and days following, the children played as the adults talked about this historical event. On Monday following his death, many businesses were closed for mourning. My Grandmother has some newspapers that show that from 1963. And during this time people were wondering what Lyndon B. Johnson would be doing for our country. All this was covered in newspapers, magazines, the catholic newspaper and us news magazines that I have from her memorabilia. It was very interesting to find those artifacts. One of them even has coverage as when JFK was here in Decatur before at Decatur Airport when he was just a US Senator. When asked who she thought killed JFK, my grandmother said "why that Oswald man, that's what they say". The interview with my grandmother was very interesting and the articles that my grandfather had kept are in remarkable shape and have excellent information. And to sum up our interview I asked if she could remember anything else important and her comment was, " that's pretty good, I can't remember everything, I've slept since then." Grandma 86yrold

Why I deserve to live essays

Why I deserve to live essays What we fear is not suffering or even death What we fear is that we have wasted life That our highest calling will go unanswered In a dream I met the most beautiful soul She whispered do you know what your purpose is? Than you must breath the love back into the world Becomes the consciousness of another. So fill the world with your awareness Of each and every soul you meet I remember thinking not too terribly long ago that I knew everything and I had it all figured out. I have traveled to many different places around the world. A couple of years ago I began to realize the world is not all about me and my life, and what mood I happen to be in at the time. I became aware that not only was I thankful to be here, alive, on this earth; but just how truly lucky I am that all of the circumstances aligned that I grew up in such a prosperous country, in a wonderful family, with the opportunity to fulfill my dreams. I feel I have an obligation to give back everything I have been given. The small box I was living in became opened. Opportunity and existence go hand in had. I have been placed on this earth with an incredible opportunity to leave a mark. I have been blessed with a wonderful family. The time I was little they instilled in me to achieve my goals, dreams, and passions I possessed. I realize now what a blessing that is to have such a support group that ha ...

How did the Civil war affect government in the United States Essay

How did the Civil war affect government in the United States - Essay Example The American Civil War affected the government of the United States in both positive and negative ways. The positive effect was the fleeing of slaves meaning there was no more slavery, no segregation of people that was done by looking at skin color and every citizen is being treated equally. Additionally, because of war the economic power of America increased and defeated that of stable countries of that time. Apart from the positive effects of the American civil war, there were negative ones such as the government becoming stronger and powerful making it to be known as a government with unlimited powers, the Southern citizens were forced back to the union, and their voting rights were taken away (Taylor 18). In addition, many families were also divided and without knowledge brothers fought each other which led to the intensifying of the civil war (Taylor 2). There were improvements that were noticed in the transportation sector the Erie Canal was opened in the year 1823 due to government support. In addition, the construction of the railroad in the year 1840 was termed a credit on the government side. Second, land policy was another issue of the civil war whereby the government distributed the land equally among the people in America. Thirdly, the federal government took part in regulating and leasing rules that were to govern the banking system in the United States introduced banking systems. Fourthly, the government took part in solving tariff differences that existed between the Southerners and Northerners. The Southerners on one hand were for the idea of buying produced goods externally with no duties imposed on while the people from the west had no idea of which side to go, and this caused a lot of controversy that forced the government to interfere (Ransom). Moreover, because of the civil war the government was obliged to acquiring loans from other developed nations to meet its financial obligations. This was to be paid easily by imposing revenues

Comparison of Hinduism and Jainism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Comparison of Hinduism and Jainism - Essay Example Hinduism may be everywhere for it is the third largest religion in the world, but primarily a substantial large number of its followers are in India and Nepal (Houdmann, 2013). According to Houdmann, one of the foundational beliefs of Hinduism includes believing Brahma as the supreme god among the said religion’s recognized million gods. However, Houdmann explains that just as Hinduism adheres to believing more than one god, Hindu theology can be monistic, pantheistic, panentheistic, theistic, atheistic, deistic, or nihilistic. Houdmann therefore concluded that with these diverse views and varied belief systems, Vedas, if they are considered sacred books containing myth, theology, and history can only determine if it is truly about Hinduism in the first place. Another fundamental belief of Hinduism according to Houdmann is the thought that mankind is divine, just as Brahma could be everything as a divine being. Therefore, Hinduism believes that everything or any sort of realit y outside Brahma could just be an illusion. Man should be released from this illusion to be one with Brahma. Thus, Hinduism believes in reincarnation as a fundamental way for a man to achieve self-realization of the truth, and this will strongly to be affected by Karma, which means people should do well in the past to live with a good future. On the other hand, just as Christianity surfaced from Judaism, Jainism has its essential foundation from Hinduism. Jainism is simply a variant of Hinduism in the Indian sub-continent just as the same time in the development of Buddhism. The religion is claimed to be founded by Mahavira, the contemporary of Buddha. However, what is more profound in Jainism is the practice of Ascetism for the release of the soul towards enlightenment as the believers of Jainism believe that one should acquire the freedom from the continuous transmigrations of the soul at the death of the body (Gill, 2013). In line with the practice of Ascetism and the release of the soul to elevate it higher in the next reincarnation, Gill added that there should be an essential practice of the right faith, knowledge, and conduct, as Karma binds the soul to the body. Similarities and Differences Unlike Hinduism, Jainism is a non-theistic religion, believing in no god, but only in a fundamental principle of goodness that will lead the soul to greatness and enlightenment that will lead further to a more fulfilling reincarnated life in the future. Both religions believe in Karma and which is the ultimate principle to consider in achieving better spiritual future in the next life through the reincarnation of the human soul. However, Hinduism believes that reincarnation will be a continuous process not until the entire life is totally transformed in the past. This means that an individual unless will not be able to achieve the ultimate goodness, will continue to be reincarnated until reaching to the self-realization of the truth. Jainism deviates from this view, for it adheres to the point that enlightenment follows right after the implementation of right faith, knowledge, and conduct, which will determine the elevation of the soul to a higher level in the next reincarnation. Common to these beliefs however is the infinite possibility of reincarnation, as the point of life eternal. These religions therefore believe that life will never end, but it will be transformed right after the death of the physical body and rebirth will then be imminent again, giving the

Financial Projections Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Financial Projections - Essay Example These marketing researches provide decision makers ins and out of customers in the market, how would they behave towards the products and services offered by the business, what would be the demand for the offered products and services once the marketing campaigns are incorporated (Gorla et al., 2010; Hersey & Clanchard, 1969). Once the strategic targets that organizations tend to achieve are identified, organizations then line up their resources to achieve those targets. This is the reason that marketing research plays an important role in financial projections as it enables decision makers to identify the set of product development efforts and marketing tactics required to make the offered product a success story (Handlechner, 2008). Marketing is also involved in financial projection as the decision makers develop projections to be achieved in the next in such a manner that it motivates shareholders and external investors to provide more financial strength to the company. The added financial strength is then invested on further product development and improvement

The Circulatory System In Animals Physical Education Essay

The Circulatory System In Animals Physical Education Essay The role of the circulatory system in animals is the transportation of nutrients and oxygen to every cell that is in an animal organism, and to also remove waste products. The heart, blood vessels and blood are three vital components the body needs to survive. There are also other major roles the circulatory system has which are later discussed. Mammals have a double circulatory system meaning two circuits that blood journeys through; pulmonary and systemic. Pulmonary: Pulmonary circulation is the transportation of blood from the heart, to the lungs, and back to the heart again. The  pulmonary  circuit transports blood to the lungs for it to be  oxygenated  and then transported back to the heart. In the lungs, carbon dioxide is taken away from the blood, and oxygen taken up by the haemoglobin in the red blood cells. Systemic: The  systemic  circuit transports blood around the body to deliver the oxygen and returns  de-oxygenated  blood to the heart. Systemic circulation provides nutrition to all of the tissue located in the organism, with the exclusion of the heart and lungs as they have their own systems.   See below for a diagram of the circulatory system. http://biology-forums.com/gallery/14755_10_09_12_7_22_08_85152044.jpeg This diagram is showing the circulatory system; the pulmonary circuit where it is picking up oxygen from the lungs, and the systemic circuit which is transporting oxygen to the body. Author unknown (Date unknown) Heart: The heart is a muscular pump, when the heart is beating it is pumping blood to the lungs and around your body. The amount of blood pumped can be calculated. Heart rate x stroke volume = cardiac output. Below is a diagram of the heart. http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_7l_-YD5MdrI/TB5fAiMCw1I/AAAAAAAAAB4/oGM-yqQ64DE/s1600/HumanHeartDiagram.jpg Author unknown (Date unknown) This diagram of the heart is shown from in the front. So the  right  side is shown on the  left. The  left  side is on the  right  side of the diagram. The heart has four chambers. The two  atria  gather the blood. The two ventricles  pump blood out of the heart. Valves  stop the blood from flowing backwards. The  septum  splits the two sides of the heart. The right side of the heart pumps  de-oxygenated  blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen. The left side of the heart pumps the oxygenated  blood from the lungs around the rest of the body. Blood Vessels: There are three different types of blood vessel: Arteries Arteries transport oxygenated blood from the heart, except from the pulmonary artery which goes to the lungs where the blood would be deoxygenated. Arteries have thick muscular walls and have small lumen and they contain blood which is under high pressure. Veins Veins transport blood to the heart which is always de-oxygenated except the pulmonary vein which goes from the lungs to the heart where the blood would be oxygenated. Veins have thin walls and larger lumen and they contain blood which is under low pressure. Veins also have valves to stop blood from flowing backwards. Capillaries Capillaries are located in the lungs and muscles, when capillaries are looked at under a microscope they are one cell thick, blood is of very low pressure. The capillaries are where oxygen passes through the capillary wall into the tissues and where carbon dioxide passes from tissues in to the blood. Blood: Animal organisms cant survive without blood. Without blood, organs wouldnt get oxygen and nutrients that they need to live; animals wouldnt be able to keep warm or cool down, fight infections, or get rid of waste products. Without enough blood, animals would weaken and die. The circulatory system works carefully with other systems in animal organisms. It delivers oxygen and nutrients to organisms by working with the respiratory system. The circulatory system assists carrying waste and carbon dioxide out of the organism. The circulatory system also has its part in fighting disease in carrying specialised cells which are made in the organs of the immune system. The circulatory system is responsible for the transportation of hormones. Hormones control vast amount of things such as growth, the reproductive cycle and glucose metabolism. Hormones are produced in one part of the body, such as the brain or the liver, and then must be moved to another part of the body by the circulatory system for them to transport their message. The circulatory systems other main role is to regulate body temperature, if body temperature rises then blood vessels close to the skin increase in size so that more heat is directed in to the air and vice versa if body temperature drops the blood vessels decrease in size so the heat will retain in the body. Factors which can influence transportation and circulation in animals High blood pressure (Essential hypertension) where there is no specific cause. High blood pressure of a known cause (secondary hypertension). Low fluid volume which will also include low blood pressure. Low cardiac output. (Î’-Adrenoreceptor antagonists). Obstruct membrane changes and cardiac output, will cause widening of the blood vessels. Aneurysms, where there is weakening in the artery walls, mainly the aorta. Arteriosclerosis is where the artery walls are hardening and thickening: loss of elasticity which is part of aging. Atherosclerosis which is the process in the progression of plaques in the lumen which is located in blood vessels.   All of these may also be influenced by physiological factors for e.g. diet, exercise, disease, drugs or alcohol, obesity and excess weight. Control mechanisms in animals Self-regulating mechanisms, where biological systems try to uphold stable internal conditions e.g., blood pressure and body temperature, when there are changes in the external environment. Internal environment of any living organism was upheld constant within certain restrictions. Homeostasis is usually achieved through two types of regulating systems: on-off control and feedback control.  Hormones  often play a main role in keeping homeostatic constancy.  Homeostasis is carried out around the whole body; reaches every cell up to organs and systems. Enzymes could not work properly, which means nothing could operate correctly if there is not a constant internal environment this would mean the living organism would die. Every single cell is bathed in a watery solution, which is made by some blood plasma which is allowed to escape out of blood. This will carry away any waste back into the blood. The balance in tissue fluid is vital for the cells and the organism.  There are six things that must be controlled in an organism for good health: Carbon dioxide Additional carbon dioxide must be taken away or else the body becomes too acidic. Carbon dioxide is mainly lost in the air we breathe out, but a minor amount is lost in the urine. Urea Urea is poisonous and must be removed from the organism; this chemical is made when amino acids are digested in the liver. This is a waste chemical and is mainly removed through urine and sweat. Ions Cells can end up swollen, shrivelled or sometimes burst, if the right balance is not kept in ions. Sodium, potassium, hydrogen and phosphate are important ions. These are controlled through how much water is drunk by the organism; some are lost like sodium ions, through faeces and sweat. Sugar There has to be enough glucose for respiration and satisfactory stores of glycogen. When blood glucose levels fall too low the organism will die. Water 70% of body mass is water. Not keeping the right amount of water the organism would die. Temperature Enzymes that control all the chemical reactions in an organism work best at the temperature of approx. 37 degrees centigrade, if the organism was to get too hot or too cold the enzymes would die concluding in the organism to die.

The Tenth Man :: essays research papers

Taken the easy way out is not always the high road everything has consequences, what might see feasible short term might not be long term. This is the case in Graham Greene’s novel The Tenth Man, were a French lawyer named by Chavel is imprisoned by the Germans during WWII. Chavel is faced with death, but having power trades his wealth with another prisoner so he could live on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story opens with an illustration of time, â€Å"in fact there as many times as there were prisoners† (29). Through-out the story there is a tone of chaos. This opening statement is a perfect example of how Chavel, Charlot emotions are mixed. He feels that there is so much that he caused and so little then he can do to fix it. As we read further into the story we learn that Chavel is a prisoner held by the Germans. The narrator uses the term â€Å"hostage† (30), and Chavel brings this word comes up again. Chavel literally is a hostage in prison in part one of the story, but he remains a â€Å"hostage† trapped within himself, because of what he did, trading his life with Javier. After he was released from prison, Chavel for the first time in his life was poor. â€Å"The shame he felt now shuffling like a beggar up to the door of the house went nearly as deep†¦ The empty windows watched him come like the eyes of men sitting round the wall of a cell†¦When he put out his hand and pulled the bell it was like a gesture of despair. He had tried his best not to return but here he was† (60). He felt dirty, ashamed, and homeless, he had no where to go. He ended up going back to his old house and meets Javier’s sister, at his former house. He is mad that none of his fatherâ€℠¢s portraits are on the wall; this is an example of his arrogance. Graham Greene also uses Therese to put even more guilt on Chavel. As Graham writes: â€Å"I’ve got such hate, she said, it just goes on and on all day and all night. It’s like a smell you can’t get rid of when something’s died under the floorboards†¦ She put her hands over her eyes as if she was ashamed of this physical display of grief. He thought, this is all my work†¦He thought to himself, it isn’t fair.

Breaking Norms of Society

â€Å"Norms are rules which specify appropriate behavior in a given range of social contexts. A norm either prescribes a given type of behavior, or forbids it† (Giddens 1997, p. 583). The importance of norms in our society is not negotiable. Those who follow the norms of our society have better chances to find stable social position, and will hardly lose it. Those who do not treat social norms properly or neglect them risk being rejected by the society within which they exist. However, as we live in extremely diverse society, breaking the norms of society does not always lead to uniformly negative reactions.My experiment has proved this assumption. It is not rare that informal (folkway) norms go against the formal (legal) norms of the specific society. For example, many nations still praise the principles of vengeance against the legal ban on murder. In his book, Newman spoke about the military obedience and the legal limits of warfare in the hands of a military. For a militar y during the war, â€Å"one legal justification for killing is warfare† (Newman 2006, p. 18), but this does not mean that killing should be massive and meaningless. I had a chance in my life to get acquainted with the people of Russian origin.I always kept to the thought that Russian people preferred drinking alcohol during their parties, and when I was invited to their party I was prepared to that. I was already looking for excuses because I did not drink. However, it was the informal norm that each guest had to taste the host’s home-made alcoholic beverage. No one evidently knew or even imagined that I would be able to refuse and to simply neglect that long lasting informal tradition. Yet, I did refuse. In addition, I simply did not like drinking. I felt uncomfortable, because I knew that I was breaking an important norm, and still I could not step over myself.As I later understood, different nations treated their informal traditions in a similar way: they preferred when other people followed them even against their will. Legal norms are frequently neglected or are not respected, but not to follow informal traditions often means not to be accepted into particular society. Moreover, I was extremely interested in tracing the reactions of other people towards my behavior. When I was offered a drink, I refused. I was surrounded by Russian people, and my refusal was extremely surprising to them. Later I noticed that the different people displayed different reactions in terms of my refusal.I spent the rest of the party with them, and I was hearing them talk about me here and there. Some people openly expressed their displeasure with my behavior as they were talking to each other. The host of the party came up to me and whispered that I should not have behaved as that. I also heard that some people still did not reject my position, and they were even trying to justify my conduct. No one with the exception of the host has expressed his view openly. Non e of the Russian guests ever tried to explain me why my conduct could be negative or why I would have to follow their traditions.Ultimately, I was never invited to this house again. From the viewpoint of sociology, norms are rather complex sets of meanings for a particular society. As I have later understood it was extremely important for the Russian host that I followed their principles and informal traditions. The fact that I was never invited to their house again told much to me, but the reactions of people at the party had told me even more. First of all, I now realize that the reaction of people at breaking informal norms is never uniform, even when these people belong to one particular society, the norm of which was broken.It is very probable that they had also broken their own norms for various reasons, and breaking social norm once may turn into the regular process of routinization. Once people â€Å"have taken the initial step, they are in a new psychological and social si tuation in which the pressures to continue are powerful† (Newman 2006, p. 25). One important fact meant a lot to me: none of those who supported me in my behavior openly expressed his position to me. This was evidently another way not to break the norms of the society in which they found themselves, and not to face the risks of being rejected.When my Russian acquaintances stopped contacting me, I understood that I was not accepted into their society due to my refusal to drink. Probably, they could accept such conduct within their circles, but not from a person who was actually alien to their traditions as I was. I still realize that if I appeared in similar situation once again, I would have to analyze the informal traditions before I came into a new society, and would openly explain to other people why I would not perform certain actions. ConclusionThat type of experiment had led me to several serious conclusions. First, societies treat their informal traditions more obedient ly and more thoroughly than they treat the commonly held legal norms. In my case, there were no legal norms which would make me drink, yet I was not accepted into the Russian society again. Second, the reaction of other societal members at breaking folkway norms is never uniform. In this context, there are far reaching sociological implications for such conduct: even when people accepted my position they never expressed it openly.This meant that for a person to be within his own society was much more important than expressing his own thoughts and ideas which went against the norms and traditions of that particular society. I have expected that the reaction of people towards my conduct would be somewhat different: I anticipated that they would be open with me and would even try to explain why my behavior was wrong or to what consequences it could lead. However, they tried to create an impression that they were indifferent towards what I had done.Their indifference was only surface, b ecause in their minds they were trying to weigh all pros and cons of my actions. It was evident that the way people treated their folkway traditions ultimately determined the way they behaved towards those who broke those traditions. The host of the party was one of those for whom informal traditions were extremely important: he was the only one to express his displeasure to me. References Giddens, A. (1997). Sociology. London: Polity Press. Newman, D. (2006). Sociology: Exploring the architecture of everyday life. 6th edition. Pine Forge Press.

South Korea Essays - Member States Of The United Nations, Republics

South Korea Essays - Member States Of The United Nations, Republics South Korea South Korea South Korea is officially known as Taehan Minguk (Republic of Korea). This country is in northeastern Asia and occupies the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. South Korea is bounded on the north by North Korea; on the east by the East Sea (Sea of Japan); on the south bye the Korea Strait, which also separates it from Japan; and on the west by the Yellow Sea. It has a total area of 38,328 square miles, including many offshore islands in the south and west, and the largest is Cheju. The state of South Korea was established in 1948 succeeding the post-World War II distribution of the penisula between the occupying forces of the United States in the south and the Union of Soviet Republics (USSR) in the north. The capital of South Korea is Seoul which is also the largest city. The current version of the South Korean flag was adopted in 1984, but the basic design has been used since the countrys founding is 1948. The Buddhist yin-yang symbol represents the unity of opposites, and the white background represents purity. The black markings symbolize three cycles, with opposites in each cycle opposing one another(reading clockwise from the upper left): summer, autumn, winter, spring, south, west, north, east, sky, moon, earth, and sun. South Korea is mainly a rugged, mountainous terrain. The principal range is the Taebaek-sanmaek, which extends in a north-south direction parallel to the eastern coast. The countrys highest peak, located on the island of Cheju, is Halla-san. Plains constitute less than one-fifth the total area and are mostly in the west along the coast the coastal plains in the east and south are very narrow. South Korea has a highly indented coastline characterized by high tidal ranges, the countrys tow longest rivers, the Naktong and Han, rise in the Taebaek-sanmaek, one flowing south to the Korea Strait and the other northwest to the Yellow sea. Other major rivers include the Kom, Yengsan, and Tongjin. South Korea has a continental climate, with cold, dry winters and hot, rainy summers. In Seoul the average January temperature range is 16 to 30 degrees F, and the average July temperature range is 70 to 84 degrees F. Winter temperatures are higher along the southern coast and considerably lower in the mountainous interior. The average precipitation in Seoul is 49in and in Pusan 54in. Rainfall is mostly in the summer months (June to September). The southern coast is subject to late summer typhoons that bring strong winds and heavy rains. Mixed deciduous and coniferous forests cover about three-quarters of the land, but have been lessened of use as fuel. Predominate species include pine, maple, elm, poplar, fir and aspen. Bamboo, laurel, and evergreen oak are found in the southern coastal areas. Large mammals, such as tigers, leopards, bears, and lynx, used to be common throughout the Korean Peninsula, but these animals have virtually disappeared form South Korea due to deforestation and poaching. The population of South Korea (1997 estimate) is 45,948,811. The countrys population density of 1199 people per sq. mi. is one of the highest in the world. The majority of the population lives in the southern and western coastal areas. South Korea like North Korea is one of the most ethnically homogeneous countries in the world. Aside from a resident foreign population of about 55,000 , mostly Chinese, the country has no racial or linguistic minorities. Because of the mixed racial character of the present-day Korean population, it is believed that the ancestors of the Koreans included immigrants from the northern part of the Asian mainland. The national language, Korean, is believed by some scholars to be a member of the Altaic language family. It is similar to Japanese in grammar, but it contains many borrowed Chinese words. Korean is written in a phonetic script known as Hangol from the colonial period and most educated Koreans can read English, which is taught in all secondary schools. In 1995 nearly one-half of the people in South Korea did not claim a religion. Buddhism claimed more adherents than any other religion in South Korea. Confucianism, which is more a moral philosophy than a religion, is a more prominent element in Korean life than its somewhat small

Confidence Interval for a Population Proportion

Confidence Interval for a Population Proportion Confidence intervals can be used to estimate several population parameters. One type of parameter that can be estimated using inferential statistics is a population proportion. For example, we may want to know the percentage of the U.S. population who supports a particular piece of legislation. For this type of question, we need to find a confidence interval. In this article, we will see how to construct a confidence interval for a population proportion, and examine some of the theory behind this. Overall Framework We begin by looking at the big picture before we get into the specifics. The type of confidence interval that we will consider is of the following form: Estimate /- Margin of Error This means that there are two numbers that we will need to determine. These values are an estimate for the desired parameter, along with the margin of error. Conditions Before conducting any statistical test or procedure, it is important to make sure that all of the conditions are met. For a confidence interval for a population proportion, we need to make sure that the following hold: We have a simple random sample of size n from a large populationOur individuals have been chosen independently of one another.There are at least 15 successes and 15 failures in our sample. If the last item is not satisfied, then it may be possible to adjust our sample slightly and to use a plus-four confidence interval. In what follows, we will assume that all of the above conditions have been met. Sample and Population Proportions We start with the estimate for our population proportion. Just as we use a sample mean to estimate a population mean, we use a sample proportion to estimate a population proportion. The population proportion is an unknown parameter. The sample proportion is a statistic. This statistic is found by counting the number of successes in our sample and then dividing by the total number of individuals in the sample. The population proportion is denoted by p and is self-explanatory. The notation for the sample proportion is a little more involved. We denote a sample proportion as pÌ‚, and we read this symbol as p-hat because it looks like the letter p with a hat on top. This becomes the first part of our confidence interval. The estimate of p is pÌ‚. Sampling Distribution of Sample Proportion To determine the formula for the margin of error, we need to think about the sampling distribution of pÌ‚. We will need to know the mean, the standard deviation, and the particular distribution that we are working with. The sampling distribution of  pÌ‚ is a binomial distribution with probability of success p and n trials. This type of random variable has a mean of p and standard deviation of (p(1 - p)/n)0.5. There are two problems with this. The first problem is that a binomial distribution can be very tricky to work with. The presence of factorials can lead to some very large numbers. This is where the conditions help us. As long as our conditions are met, we can estimate the binomial distribution with the standard normal distribution. The second problem is that the standard deviation of  pÌ‚ uses p in its definition. The unknown population parameter is to be estimated by using that very same parameter as a margin of error. This circular reasoning is a problem that needs to be fixed. The way out of this conundrum is to replace the standard deviation with its standard error. Standard errors are based upon statistics, not parameters. A standard error is used to estimate a standard deviation.  What makes this strategy worthwhile is that we no longer need to know the value of the parameter p. Formula To use the standard error, we replace the unknown parameter p with the statistic pÌ‚. The result is the following formula for a confidence interval for a population proportion: pÌ‚ /- z* (pÌ‚(1 - pÌ‚)/n)0.5. Here the value of z* is determined by our level of confidence C.  For the standard normal distribution, exactly C percent of the standard normal distribution is between -z* and z*.  Common values for z* include 1.645 for 90% confidence and 1.96 for 95% confidence. Example Lets see how this method works with an example.  Suppose that we wish to know with 95% confidence the percent of the electorate in a county that identifies itself as Democratic.  We conduct a simple random sample of 100 people in this  county and find that 64 of them identify as a Democrat. We see that all of the conditions are met.  The estimate of our population proportion is 64/100 0.64.  This is the value of the sample proportion pÌ‚, and it is the center of our confidence interval. The margin of error is comprised of two pieces.  The first is z*.  As we said, for 95% confidence, the value of z* 1.96. The other part of the margin of error is given by the formula (pÌ‚(1 - pÌ‚)/n)0.5.  We set pÌ‚ 0.64 and calculate the standard error to be (0.64(0.36)/100)0.5 0.048. We multiply these two numbers together and obtain a margin of error of 0.09408.  The end result is: 0.64 /- 0.09408, or we can rewrite this as 54.592% to 73.408%.  Thus we are 95% confident that the true population proportion of Democrats is somewhere in the range of these percentages.  This means that in the long run, our technique and formula will capture the population proportion of 95% of the time. Related Ideas There are a number of ideas and topics that are connected to this type of confidence interval.  For instance, we could conduct a hypothesis test pertaining to the value of the population proportion.  We could also compare two proportions from two different populations.

HR Pay scale and benefits programs for HR Professional Essay

HR Pay scale and benefits programs for HR Professional - Essay Example A wide range f methods are used to conduct performance appraisals, from the simplest f ranking schemes through objective-based, standard-based and competency-based system to complex behaviorally anchored rating schemes (Snape et al., 1994). Such as (Dessler, 1997): "There is no general theory about performance per se" (Guest 1997). However, the differentiate between a good, average or indifferent performance could be measured with performance criteria which basis on the empirical evidence. Armstrong and Baron (1998) highlight two central propositions used to justify performance assessment: (1) People, either as individuals or teams, put the greatest effort into performing well if they know and understand what is expected f them and have had an involvement in specifying those expectations. (2) Employees' ability to meet performance expectations is based on: individual levels f capability; the degree f support provided by management; and the processes, systems and resources made available to them by the organization. While Boxall (2003) state that the task f judging a firm's performance in HRM is complex and controversial. There is no single criterion to exam the effective f performance management. It can be argued on three aspects - its productivity, its flexibility and its legitimacy. Pursuing productivity and flexibility goals inevitably involves the management f strategic tensions, including the problem f how to balance short-run needs for stable performance with long-run needs for agility. The role f legitimacy aims to build employment citizenship thus increase organizational performance. Organization takes many forms, whatever, how an organization is structured, its output is the product f interaction between different employees, departments, divisions and so on. Frequently, it is difficult to determine whose performance has been critical, or most significant, to the completion f a particular task (Price, 2004). In practice, according to Armstrong and Baron (1998), the goals f managing performance are: - Serving as a lever for change in developing a more performance-oriented culture. - Assisting in achieving sustainable

The marketing information system (MIS) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The marketing information system (MIS) - Essay Example Above all, marketing is a tool that fulfills the needs of the people via a substituting process and creating enduring partnerships. Marketing Information System is created to provide back up when the need to come up with significant marketing decisions (Kotler, Keller, & Lane, 2006, p. 34). This can be explained as a structure where information regarding marketing is officially examine collected, recorded, examined and sent to administrators in reference with their information requirements regularly. According to Kotler, et al. (2006) marketing information system represents individuals, tools and processes that collect, classify, analyze, examine and dispense required, suitable and right information to the marketing administrators. p.42. This paper narrows down the topic to MIS methods and consumer behavior stimuli. It also outlines the link between MIS methods and consumer behavior stimuli. This paper is systematically structured whereby the main methods to develop marketing informa tion are first introduced. Later on in the paper, these three main methods are linked to consumer behavior stimuli, where appropriate MIS methods to address each buyer behavior stimulus (in B2C and B2B), is established. Finally, the paper discusses each Stimulus in relation to the nature and pros& cons of MIS tool. A large number of firms construct wide internal data bases, electrical compilations of data collected from data resources in the firm. Marketing managers have the ability to retrieve and manage the data and information presented in the data base to establish marketing chances and intricacies (Kotler, 1988, p 102). They can outline action plans and analyze the firms functioning from these internal databases. Above all, the information present in the internal data base can originate from a wide range of resources. For instance, the accounts division can come up with financial accounts and maintains

ISM Code, Costa Concordia capsize Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

ISM Code, Costa Concordia capsize - Essay Example The ISM code principles are as follows: All these ISM code principles can be implemented if only proper training facility to the officials. These training facilities are been given with the help of HRM principles which increases the human resource by proper training and implementation. The development of human recourses management has facilitated in increasing number of skilled officials. The officials in shipping industry like captain, major, emergency unit etc are appointed from the HRM having full knowledge of HRM principles. The safety management in shipping industry under IMO (International Maritime Organization) has implemented ISM facilities to the industry. The ISM code under the IMO has several guidelines like operation of the ships with the framework for proper development. Pollution prevention strategies are a good practice of the industry under the principles of ISM code. The ISM code is made compulsory since 1998. This code enables Safety Management System (SMS) to establish by every company of shipping industry. These SMS are defines by the person like managers or bareboat character who is assumed to be the person who regulates the ship operations regularly. This facility of SMS in ISM code is useful in the emergency times of accidents like the case of drowning of ship in Costa Concordia in Italy in July 2012. Due to the deficiency in the emergency signal, the accident took place, as per the evidences (IMO, 2014). The ISM code has been set up in the industry to ensure the safety and pollution prevention of environment. Thus for the betterment of the shipping industry and the development of safety in the industry, it needs proper managerial efficiencies in work-force which is given by the implementation of HRM strategies. Human Resource Management is a strategic management of the workforce for dealing and upgrading organisations in various industrial fields. The main principles of

Meaning Behind the Mark Essay Example for Free

Meaning Behind the Mark Essay Humans have ordained their bodies with tattoos for thousands of years. These permanent and artistic marks have always had a personal meaning. The beautiful marks that were so carefully and meticulously etched onto the skin have served many purposes. The tattoo showed signs of love and inspiration while others were used to ward off danger or to protect the human from certain dangers. Some people view tattoos as unnecessary marks on the human body, while others believe the tattoo represents life, death, and inspiration. The very first documented tattoo was found on a frozen mummy in today’s Maori. The mummy was 5,200 years old. Tattoos were also discovered on ancient female mummies in Northern Egypt. At first archeologists thought the mummies were slaves or servants to royalty but, the mummies were located in a queen’s tomb. The mummies had tattooed symbols throughout the body. Speculation among the archeologists was said to be that the tattoos are a healing power and were put on the body were it hurt. The mummies in the tomb are also documented to have small dots all over the abdomen and a tattoo of a small figurine on the tops of the thighs. The small figurine is believed to be that of the Bes God. Bes is the protector of women during labor. The women would tattoo a web like design all across their abdomens and down the pubic area when they became pregnant. It is written that by doing this it would keep them and their unborn child safe during pregnancy. (Lineberry, 2008). Along with the Egyptians several other cultures took up the art of tattooing. Woman in Borneo tattooed symbols on their forearms to indicate the skill that they were good at. If a woman wore the symbol to show she was a basket weaver, her status of marriageable material increased. Markings that were placed along the wrist and around the fingers were thought to ward off any illnesses. Greeks used tattoos to identify spies and normally the marks would indicate rank. Tattoos were also used to identify slaves who were owned by certain Roman families and the Romans also used tattoos to mark criminals. Unfortunately, this practice of marking criminals is still practiced today. Century after century tattoos continued to be an integral part of society. It was not until the late 1800’s that tattoos were seen in the U. S. and even then tattoos were mainly used by the American Indians. Native American Indians used tattoos as a way of recognizing tribe members. Tattoos were also used for spiritual reasons. â€Å"In America, the earliest records of tattoos come from ship logs, letters, and diaries written by sailors in the early 19th century. The most popular designs in traditional American tattooing evolved from various artists who traded, copied, swiped, and improved on each other’s works. † ( Vanishing tattoo, 2008). Soldiers and sailors who fought in both world wars used the various symbols. â€Å"Most of the designs represented courage, patriotism; defiance of death, and a longing for loved ones left behind. (Vanishing tattoo, 2008). During the Civil war several tattoo artists found employment in Washington, D. C The best-known tattooist of the time was a man from Germany named Martin Hildebrandt; he began his career in 1846. Martin Hildebrandt traveled a great deal and was welcomed in both Union and Confederate camps. Martin Hildebrandt establish ed what is to be considered the first American tattoo studio in 1870, in New York City. Another famous tattooist is Samuel O’reilly, he invented the first electric tattoo machine. Overnight tattooing in the USA was revolutionized. Vanishing tattoo, 2008). In America tattoos continued to gain popularity. Body ornamentation was spreading among western societies. Working class men wore tattoos primarily as a symbol of tough masculine pride. In the 1950s and 1960s the hippie movement turned to Asian tattooing techniques as personal expression of spiritual and mystical aestheticism. In 1970 the young generation of the punk movement used tattoos as symbols of rebellion in a political protest against society’s strict structure and values. In the eighties there was a decline in the percentage of men and women getting tattoos. This was primarily because tattoos were frowned upon. This trend of tattoos being unpopular continued until the 21st century where, tattoos today are considered body art. The continued popularity of tattoos has placed tattooists in the category of â€Å"fine artists. † (Tattoo you, 2008). As with any fad there comes’ a downside, for certain individuals who chose to get tattoos for personal reasons or self expression there are those who chose to use tattoos as a form of rebellion. Teenagers view tattoos as a way to rebel against their parents. With teenagers their impressionable minds can take one look at all the young and upcoming celebrities and if a teenager was to see a tattoo on their role model it might just be one excuse to rebel. A different point of view on tattoos would be gangs. Gangs will tattoo members with numbers or words to show status or rank. Gang members who are in prison will get a tattoo to show other prisoners exactly what gang they belong to. Former gang members who have found religion often will sport a tattoo of a cross or the word â€Å"Jesus† and the day, month, and year they were saved. Walker, R, 2007). Individuals whose religion is important to them have also branched out and have gotten tattoos. There is a new Christian movement where young adults are getting the letters WWJD tattooed on them. In addition, the Celtic cross is making a comeback among people with an Irish decent. Among those who get a tattoo for inspiration or self expression, there are those few individuals who will go to no end to transform themselves into something completely different. Dennis Avner a. k. a. Stalking Cat, has transformed his body into a tiger literally. On his website Avner tells his story of why he has dedicated his life to follow his heritage. His parents were of Horon and Lakota tribes and after talking to a Native chief, who reportedly had told him to â€Å"follow the way of the tiger,† Avner did just that. In 1985 he left his job as a sonar submarine technician for the Navy and began his journey. Avner has spent up towards $200,000. 00 dollars to have his whole body tattooed with black and orange strips. His teeth and nails have been filed down to emulate that of the tiger. Avner also had metal rods implanted into his cheeks so during the day he can attach whiskers. Avner said his â€Å"life long dream of reaching his goal of becoming a tiger will be complete after he gets skin grafts of real fur applied to his own skin. † (Avner, 2007). Dennis Avner is not the only individual to have had extensive body tattooing. A tattooed hermit known as the Leopard man is really named Tom Leppard. Tom Leppard who lives in Isle of Skye lives in complete solitude only going to town once a month for supplies. Tom Leppard told BBC television in a rare interview that â€Å"I spent too long in the forces, 20 years. I can not mix with ordinary people any more†. (Leppard, 2007). Tom Leppard is completely covered from head to toe in leopard spots. He is according to Guinness World records is the world’s most tattooed man. There are those individuals who use tattoos as a way to make a living for instance, the â€Å"Enigma† is a man who is tattooed from head to toe in a blue puzzle pattern and he works in side shows in a traveling circus. Another performer â€Å"The Lizard man† is covered head to toe in green scales, has had plastic surgery on his face so it resembles that of a lizard, and he had his tongue surgically cut to be forked like a snake. The Lizard man works in Las Vegas as a performer. Today tattoos can be seen in every culture whether it is a little butterfly or a whole body tattoo. Tattoos continue to grow in popularity and in the future tattoos may hold a purpose other than just art. Scientists in Germany are exploring the option of delivering a new generation of experimental DNA vaccines more effectively by using tattoos rather than standard injections into the muscle. â€Å"Delivery of DNA via tattooing could be a way for a far more widespread commercial application of DNA vaccines†, said Martin Mueller of the German Cancer research center of Heidelberg. In the experiment no ink is actually used. The scientists use the tattoo machine its self o inject the vaccines. The vibrating needle penetrates the muscle deeper than a regular hypodermic needle making for a more effective method although more painful. Tattoo vaccines will not be for everyone but, will be valuable for delivering certain therapeutic vaccines to fight cancer or other serious conditions, where some pain is acceptable. ( Mueller, 2008). Also in the future Philips electronics are working on advance technology that reacts to the human touch. Sensors are applied to various parts of the body and when certain emotions are triggered the sensors react and a tattoo is made across the body. This interactive method is being designed with couples in mind. There will always be some individuals who view tattoos as unnecessary, while others will use tattoos as a way to show self expression, rebel against a parent, or to completely transform themselves. Tattoos in the future may hold the key as a way to better deliver life saving treatment. In the future tattoos can help in hance a couple’s sexuality. No matter what tattoos are used for there will always be a meaning behind the mark.

Middle Childhood Sexuality Education

Middle Childhood Sexuality Education Andrew Wilson Abstract Sex education is must for all students but it is vitally important to begin the education as soon as possible. Thus, it is best to start the sex education when normal education begins at the five to nine years of age or middle childhood. Beginning education at this age allows the child to easily assimilate his or her education without a fuss, embarrassment, or a feeling of strangeness. Sex education becomes matter of fact; just like studying history or math. The education should start with very basics of anatomy, reproduction, relationships, sexual behavior, gender roles and sexual health. Middle Childhood Sexuality Education Middle childhood sex education is geared toward age’s five to nine. Sex education can never be started too early and when regular school education begins is the best time to start the sex education curriculum. If presented at this age in a matter fact way, sex education will be received without embarrassment, unwillingness to share, and ask questions. It should address age appropriate topics in the following areas: human development, sexual behavior, relationships, personal skills, sexual health, and society. During the education, the goals of being at ease with their own body, awareness of sexual health, and sexual orientation should be kept in mind (Implementing). Human development must be presented first so each child understands their own human anatomy. Understanding the basic functions of your own body and that of the other sex is essential to understanding all other components of sex education. The following areas will be presented under the heading of human development: reproductive anatomy that discusses the names of body parts and the differences between boy and girls; the reproduction act including intercourse, conception, the uterus, and the result of a baby; body imagine includes discussion of shapes, sizes, and colors of people young and old; identity and orientation includes homosexuality, heterosexuality, appropriate labels and the respect for all sexual orientations (KidsHealth). Handouts with labeled body parts for both girls and boys will be handed out. The instructor will have an overhead with transparency for each sex. As the instructor names the body part, the children will follow along and color the named part the color the instructor desires, such as, the breast is pink. Following the coloring and naming section, the children will then have the chance to see and touch actual female and male models of the genitalia. Next, a discussion on the body’s diversity will be held with the children sitting in a circle around the instructor, as, the instructor ask the children to name how we are different –for example: male/female, black/white, skinny/heavy/normal, tall/short/average with the different development groups of infant, child, adolescent, young adult, middle-aged, and the elderly. Giving out pictures of the different body diversities to the children when they call them out as a reward and encouragement for participation will be done. The reading of a book concerning and explaining sexual intercourse, conception, development of the fetus and birth of the baby will be done. A good book for this is the book, You Were Born on Your Very First Birthday. After reading of the book, the instructor will encourage the children to talk about and ask questions concerning the sexual act and its result. The next reading will be to cover sexual orientation, in regards to gay and lesbian sexuality, to introduce the children to these alternate sexual orientations. An acceptable book that covers these areas is, Love Makes a Family. Again, the follow up of the book should include time for questions and discussion between the instructor and the children. Following the presentation of human development, the subject of relationships will be discussed. Families, friendships, love, dating, marriage and/or lifetime commitment, and the raising children or the decision to not have children will be broken down further in to subtopics. Under families a discussion will be conducted concerning the different kind of families found, how the family can change, and the roles of care for each other, and the different kinds of love within the family. The topic of friendships will cover the components of sharing, forgiving, hurting, and apologizing within the structures of various friendship structures. The importance of showing and sharing love and the different ways to show that love will be discussed. Dating will be defined and who dates, indicating teenagers, unmarried adults, and the single parent. Under marriage and lifetime commitments the reasons for marriage and divorce will be touched on. Under raising children, the instructor will cover the many reasons for having children, the effort and commitment it takes to raise children. Adoption will be discussed with the reasons and the desire for adoption will be discussed (Kids’). The next step will be to have the children share the composition of their own families and tomake a â€Å"flow chart† on the blackboard as the children describe their families. From that chart add friends, who their older brother, sister or even whom their parent is dating or living with, who they love, for example, grandparents, their neighbors, their baby sitter, any pregnancies in their immediate and/or extended family, divorce parents, step-parents, step brothers and sisters. Finally, define and describe family morals and values to the student. Have the children role-play expressing their feelings – happy, sad, confused, afraid, etc. Last discuss who they should trust and who to go to when they are afraid, confused, or need help. The next level to cover will be sexual behavior. These concepts of how the body feels good, curiosity of their body, acceptable masturbation practices will be defined. That is, who and where, shared sexual behavior is acceptable in regards to touching, hugging, kissing, and appropriate sexual behavior. Stressing that the sexual response is normal and healthy and how each sex is more alike than different (Davis). Sexual health will discuss contraception and abortion delving into wanted and unwanted pregnancies and who gets to make the choice. Sexual Transmitted Disease coverage will speak about the definition and causes, ways of getting STDs and ways to prevent STDs. Sexual abuse will cover body rights, appropriate touching and nudity, who to turn to if you feel you have been abused, stressing that the child is never at fault for the abuse and that boys and girls both can be abused. Reproductive and genital health will speak of the need for washing, cleanliness, doctor visits, the avo idance of alcohol, drugs, and smoking (Sex). The instructor will talk about when we enjoy our bodies alone or with others, such as, swimming, playing ball, and hugging. Make sure they understand that their feelings are normal, healthy, and good. Masturbation will be described as a normal activity but it should be conducted in privacy noting that privacy does not mean in secret, as if it is something to be hidden (Davis). Have the children tell how each boy and girl’s bodies are vary. An open talk about health ideas, smoking, drinking, drugs, cleanliness, doctor visits, germs and illness will be conducted. The instructor will continue by describing the underlying themes of STDs while stressing that they can only get sexual transmitted disease from sex (Lets). The final stage of discussion will cover gender roles, sex and religion, diversity and the sex coverage in the media. Gender roles will include similarities and difference between boys and girls, gender expectations of boys and girls, and parental roles. Sex and religion will involve similar yet different values (Coates). Sexual diversity is comprised of how differences are important, what stereotypes are and what sexual discrimination entails. Sexuality in the media contains both aspects of fiction and truth on television, in the movies, and on the internet. Age appropriateness in those medias will be portrayed (Lets). Have the class chat about gender roles and the way that they and their brothers and sisters have learned these roles. Ask questions, such as, â€Å"How do girls get treated?† and â€Å"How do boys get treated?† Give very general and basic instruction to the children that different religions have different ideas about sex. Encourage them to speak with their parents about any specific questions they have concerning sex and religion. Discuss stereotypes and sexual discrimination; plus, have the children share their ideas and thoughts about these subjects. Then talk about what sexual and stereotypical things they see on television and at the movies (Coates). In summary, the instructor needs to evaluate their effectiveness by the student’s ability to recognize the basic sexual genitalia and explain in very simple terms how reproduction happens. The students should then be able to describe basic relationships and when and whom to ask for help if necessary. The children should be able to verbalize how to take care of their health and define what a sexually transmitted disease is. Finally, the child should be able to convey the above information in a comfortable fashion and with the lack of embarrassment. References Coates, Nigel. (2008). Youthideas.co.uk.Retrieved from http://www.youthideas.co.uk/yw/talk/ Davies, Melanie. (2000). Tips for Talking with Kids about Masturbation. Retrieved from http://www.advocatesforyouth.org/parents/2027-tips-kids-mast Implementing Sex Education. Planned Parenthood. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.plannedparenthood.org/resources/implementing-sex-education-23516.htm KidsHealth. (2014). Sexual Orientation. The Nemour Foundation. Retrieved from http://kidshealth.org/parent/emotions/feelings/sexual_orientation.html Kids’ Ideas about Love. Rinkworks. Retrieved from http://www.rinkworks.com/said/kidlove.shtml Let’s Talk. Planned Parenthood of Indiana. Retrieved from http://www.ppin.org/education/education_documents/parent_packet.pdf Sex Education – Primary School Children. (2013). Better Health Channel. State Government of Victoria. Retrieved from http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Sex_education_primary_school_children

Free Essay on Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter - Character of Pearl :: Scarlet Letter essays

Pearl is The Scarlet Letter Pearl is the living embodiment of the scarlet letter because she forces Hester and Dimmesdale to accept their sins. The Puritan society looks at Pearl as a child of the devil, and a black hearted girl because she is the result of sin. Hester and Dimmesdale are both in the same situation in Pearl's eyes. Pearl wants Hester to realize that she is not the worst person in the world before she removes the scarlet letter. Pearl wants Dimmesdale to accept his sin, and be part of their life publicly. Pearl is all that Hester has in her life. She says that Pearl: "keeps me here in life! Pearl punishes me too! See ye not, she is the scarlet letter, only capable of being loved, and so endowed with a millionfold the Power of retribution of my sin?" (Hawthorne 100). Hawthorne shows that Pearl represents the scarlet letter not only symbolically but literally as well. Hester says that Pearl is the living scarlet letter, and causes Hester more anguish than the scarlet letter itself. Pearl is only difficult when she sees her mother trying to flee her sins the wrong way. This is why Pearl makes her mother keep the scarlet letter. Hester knows that she did a bad thing, but she does not feel that she is a good person, and will not feel that way until she accepts her sins. Hester wants to run away from the situation, leaving her sin behind her, and live content with Dimmesdale as a sinner with another sinner. Pearl will not let that happen because she knows that by leaving, Hester is escaping her sins and living life thinking that she is a bad person. Hester talks of leaving with Dimmesdale: "Let it suffice, that the clergyman resolved to flee, and not alone. ....(Dimmesdale) "But now-since I am irrevocably doomed-wherefore should I not snatch the solace allowed to the condemned culprit before his execution? Or, if this be the path to a better life, as Hester would persuade me, I surely give up no fairer prospect by pursuing it!" (Hawthorne 184). Hester desires to leave the world that she is a sinner in, and live a new life. Dimmesdale knows that he is going to die soon, so why not leave the place of his sin and go with Hester to a better life. Free Essay on Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter - Character of Pearl :: Scarlet Letter essays Pearl is The Scarlet Letter Pearl is the living embodiment of the scarlet letter because she forces Hester and Dimmesdale to accept their sins. The Puritan society looks at Pearl as a child of the devil, and a black hearted girl because she is the result of sin. Hester and Dimmesdale are both in the same situation in Pearl's eyes. Pearl wants Hester to realize that she is not the worst person in the world before she removes the scarlet letter. Pearl wants Dimmesdale to accept his sin, and be part of their life publicly. Pearl is all that Hester has in her life. She says that Pearl: "keeps me here in life! Pearl punishes me too! See ye not, she is the scarlet letter, only capable of being loved, and so endowed with a millionfold the Power of retribution of my sin?" (Hawthorne 100). Hawthorne shows that Pearl represents the scarlet letter not only symbolically but literally as well. Hester says that Pearl is the living scarlet letter, and causes Hester more anguish than the scarlet letter itself. Pearl is only difficult when she sees her mother trying to flee her sins the wrong way. This is why Pearl makes her mother keep the scarlet letter. Hester knows that she did a bad thing, but she does not feel that she is a good person, and will not feel that way until she accepts her sins. Hester wants to run away from the situation, leaving her sin behind her, and live content with Dimmesdale as a sinner with another sinner. Pearl will not let that happen because she knows that by leaving, Hester is escaping her sins and living life thinking that she is a bad person. Hester talks of leaving with Dimmesdale: "Let it suffice, that the clergyman resolved to flee, and not alone. ....(Dimmesdale) "But now-since I am irrevocably doomed-wherefore should I not snatch the solace allowed to the condemned culprit before his execution? Or, if this be the path to a better life, as Hester would persuade me, I surely give up no fairer prospect by pursuing it!" (Hawthorne 184). Hester desires to leave the world that she is a sinner in, and live a new life. Dimmesdale knows that he is going to die soon, so why not leave the place of his sin and go with Hester to a better life.

ADHD: Effects and Management

The subject of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has undergone intense research in the past decade. Much of this is rooted in the fact that approximately 5% of children are affected with the disorder. Children with ADHD are identified as having increased behavioral difficulties because of excessive motor activities, poor self regulation and inattentiveness (Dulkan et al., 1997). It has been found that as many as 30% of children inflicted with ADHD have learning disabilities with academic underachievement becoming a common correlate. Since these children do not meet the expectations of society and their learning environment they are usually met with anger, punishment, and rejection. In turn these children develop a low-self esteem and low levels of motivation (Morgan, 1997). The etiology of ADHD is still a mystery to researchers. Within the field there are many correlates to biological (genetic) and social causes. The present paper seeks to explore current research through investigating the social and bio-genetic influence of ADHD on child intelligence. Testing and treatments of those with ADHD will also be discussed. In accordance with Dulcan et al. (1997) ADD, ADD-H, ADHD, although not identical, will be considered interchangeably due to similarity. Characteristics and Testing of ADHD Intelligence Even though ADHD occurs in people of every intelligence, a majority of children affected experience academic problems. These children may have specific learning disabilities, such as dyslexia, or may have multiple learning problems (Beiderman et al., 1993). In a study by MacLeod et al. (1996) comparing ADHD children with those unaffected, those with the disorder performed significantly worse than the others. Learning disabilities can be said to arise from attentional difficulties in the classroom setting. Many of these difficulties occur in tasks where listening and time is a factor. Reading disabilities have also been found as a result of ADHD (Millberger et al., 1991). Even though there is a higher prevalence of boys and those with low intelligence diagnosed, others with ADHD are impaired as well. Results have found that girls with this disorder face greater intellectual impairment, especially with picture vocabulary tasks, than boys or control girls (Seidman et al., 1997). There is also significant findings that the level of intelligence affects ADHD children in different ways. More specifically, those with both ADHD and normal to high intelligence are more prone to accidents, and have a smaller number of steady friends. Children who were identified with low intelligence and ADHD were found to have more behavioral and emotional problems in their adolescence. Long term studies have found that the outcome of these children was continued academic problems and school failures (Aman et al., 1996). However, there is suggestion ADHD children show greater artistic ability when writing or drawing slowly and precisely (Morgan, 1997). Testing the intelligence of ADHD involves a number of measures. Psychoeducational testing is used to assess intellectual ability and to search for learning disabilities. Tests such as the Wechler Intelligence Scale are used for intelligence testing, yet, much debate exists because of the need to change the test to meet the child's attention deficits (Braswell, 1991). A new intelligence test has been created by Naglieri (1997) called the Cognitive Assessment System to help diagnose and measure ADHD intelligence. This test is based on the premise that traditional tests don't measure processes such as planning and attention, which is essential in testing and detecting ADHD students. There is inconsistent data for the use of computerized tests of attention and vigilance for this purpose (Dulcan et al, 1997). In many cases the effects of ADHD on children†s intelligence is influenced by social factors. For instance studies show that symptoms become worse in situations which are unstructured, minimally supervised, boring, or require sustained attention or mental effort (Dulcan et al., 1997). A study by Greene et al. (1996) purports that learning disabilities are lead by difficulties in social functioning. There is an inverse deviation in IQ scores when related with increased social disability scores. The same study looked at teacher perceptions, which showed that the less likable and more aggressive the child was, the lower the performance. In researching verbal deficits in ADHD children, Faraone (1993) found many early intellectual problems linked with disruptive behavior such as hyperactivity and aggression. Data also shows that parental conflict, diminished family cohesion, and number of parents psychiatrically ill during the child's lifetime adversely affected intelligence scores (Greene et al., 1995). The researchers conclude that a significant correlation links IQ and social functioning. Another study by Biederman et al. (1995) shows similar results. Six factors were listed from the family environment which correlated with ADHD children's cognitive deficits. These include: severe marital discord, low social class, large family size, paternal criminal record, maternal mental disorder and foster home placement. This study asserts that children with ADHD have a more â€Å"malleable† IQ and are more adversely affected. The Greene et al. (1995) study, argues that family size is of no significance. Conversely, when investigating parental style and family influence on ADHD IQ levels, Naussbaum (1990) reports that little evidence exists. Poor school achievement for ADHD children is also associated with the need for immediate reinforcement. These children have been shown to perform as well as others in situations where consistent, immediate and positive reinforcement is in place. Rule governed behavior is additionally difficult for these students. Even when they understand the rules, they do not follow through with correct behavior, therefore the right social environment is necessary. Theories of Vygotsky†s such as â€Å"self talk† and social guidance were listed as possible influences (Braswell, 1990). Studies have found that lower intelligence in ADHD children is not socially mediated, but in fact rooted in genetics and human biology. In testing the families of these children, it has been shown that siblings show increased learning disabilities and higher rates of ADHD (Faraone, 1993). Family patterns show that approximately 20 to 30 percent of children with ADHD have a parent or sibling with similar problems. There is the suggestion that these children inherit a type of nervous system which makes them prone to learning disabilities (Nussbaum, 1990). Data from family risk, adoption, and twin research are supportive of this assertion (Braswell, 1991). However, recent research has indicated that ADHD and learning disabilities are transmitted independently in families and that their occurrence is due to non-random mating (Milberger et al., 1995). In looking at probands of parents, Biederman et al. (1993) also conclude ADHD and learning disabilities are independent, and rather due to random mating, therefore not etiologically dependent. Other researchers claim the intellectual deficit lies in physiological anomalies. More specifically, imbalance in the neurotransmitter systems of the brain, dysfunction in the reticular activating system, or a lag in brain development (Nussbaum, 1990). In determining if the neurocogonitive characteristic in individuals with resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) are similar to those with ADHD, researchers have found that children with RTH have like deficient achievement levels as those with ADHD (Stein et al., 1995). There is also evidence that epinephrine (EPI) levels are lower in ADHD children. Urinary EPI levels are inversely related to fidgeting and aggression for second-grade ADHD students. During intelligence testing, results have shown that these EPI levels during a cognitive challenge is at least 40% lower than controls (Hanna et al., 1996). In a study which had subjects enhance beta activity and suppress theta in EEG activity during cognitive testing, those with ADHD improved in intelligence testing. Improvements were assumed to be a result of attention enhancement affected by EEG biofeedback (Linden et al., 1996). Improving Learning Disabilities in ADHD Children Investigating effectiveness of treatments of ADHD learning disabilities allows additional information on the social and bio-genetic causes of academic underacheivement related with this disorder. It has been stated that both instruction and contingency management is necessary to remedy academic deficits. Some techniques include; token economies, class rules, attention to positive behavior, as well as time out and response cost programs. Suggested to compliment and further increase probability of improvement is the alliance of parents, patient and school with the consideration of individual needs for the student and subsequently accommodating the environment to these needs. Scales such as the Academic Performance Rating Scale or daily report cards (due to necessity of immediate reinforcement) are useful in monitoring performance (Dulcan, 1997). Cognitive-behavioral interventions have also been shown to have a positive effect in academic achievement. Interventions such as self-instructional training, problem-solving training, attribution retraining and stress reduction procedure work as well. However well they work, these methods of interventions have not been widely implemented in treatment of ADHD children (Braswell, 1991). Many children are segregated into learning disability classes separate from other students. It is essential tutoring and resources be made for the child, however, many are able to learn at the same level with the other children. It has been found that many ADHD children are inappropriately placed in special education programs for the learning disabled. This is mainly because of social maladjustment, so extremes are not necessary. A percentage of ADHD students do exhibit normal intelligence but are socially inept. Therefore careful testing and diagnoses is imperative for the improvement of these youths. And by failing to provide interventions for their behavior problems, they may become restricted in their opportunities for academic success (Lopez et al., 1996). It is quite often found that the majority of ADHD children improve with psychopharmaceuticals, specifically stimulants such as Ritalin. Results reveal that medication related improvements include increased work output, improved accuracy and efficiency, and better learning acquisition (Dulkin et al., 1997). Learning and achievements in arithmetic, reading, and fine motor skills improve as well. There is a 70 to 90 percent response rate to stimulants (Gillberg et al., 1997). These results are quite dramatic in short term, but long term efficacy is still questioned (Braswell, 1991). There is much consensus in literature that a combination of treatment types is best to improve academic deficits. The cornerstones of treatment are support, education of parents, appropriate school placement, and psychopharmacology (Braswell et al., 1991; Dulcan et al., 1997; Gillberg et al., 1997; Nussbaum et al., 1990). In reviewing the current literature on how intelligence is affected by ADHD, it is easy to see that it is a subject yet to be firmly defined. Intelligence tests have been erroneously utilized in diagnosing and categorizing ADHD children and new tests must be developed in accordance to their disorder (Naglieri, 1997). The current increase in ADHD children seems somewhat suspicious. Is it an increase in the children, or a decrease in the deserved attention they are receiving from parents? The stimulant Ritalin is being overly diagnosed as a quick fix. There must be much more behavioral and parental/school attention intervention in order for this epidemic of hyper children to be curbed. It would be interesting to see this generation of Ritalin children grow. Intelligence and ADHD have been linked in twin and adoption studies to family, therefore these studies could still be testing quite different things. Other studies also have found links in hyperactivity and affect to genetic dispositions. In testing, it is hard to determine if it is genetic or environmental due to the fact that many with ADHD can also be without learning disorders (Beiderman et al., 1993). Therefore, if we are to label this as a disease a bio-social etiological approach is necessary in diagnosis, treatment and intelligence assessment.